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Gabrielatos, C. (1999). Inference: Procedures and implications for TEFL. Part 1: Background. TESOL Greece Newsletter 63, 15-20.
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Introduction Inferencing (commonly referred to as ‘reading/ listening between the lines’) is essential for effective communication. Firstly, “discourse rarely provides us with a fully explicit description of a situation” (Eysenck, 1990: 224); therefore, we usually have to fill in the missing information (Clark & Clark, 1977: 96-98). Secondly, the conventional meaning of lexis is not always a clear indicator of the intended message of speakers/ writers. But how is inferencing achieved? That is, how do we understand more than what is in the actual words, or something different from what the words seem to mean? What knowledge and clues do we use? What thinking processes take place in our minds? In this part I will discuss the clues given by speakers/writers and the clues and thinking processes used by listeners/readers in order for successful inferencing to take place. This outline will draw from Pragmatics, Discourse Analysis and Psycholinguistics. In the second part (next issue) I will present and comment on examples of how those clues can be exploited successfully for effective communication to take place. Then, I will discuss implications for the learning/ teaching of English as a foreign language.
Key words Inference, implicature, English language teaching, language teaching methodology, EFL, ESL, ELT, TESOL.
Relevant details This paper is based on my conference paper entitled ‘Inference: How it works’, given at the 16^th International Publishers’ Exhibition, Athens, 9 May 1999, as well as RSA/Cambridge Diploma sessions on Discourse Analysis and TEFL I taught at PROFILE (1994-1999).
Related articles by the same author
Gabrielatos, C. (1992). Teaching communication and interaction strategies: An action research project with Greek teenagers at intermediate level. Project submitted in partial fulfillment of the RSA/Cambridge Diploma for Overseas Teachers of English.
Gabrielatos, C. (1993). Learning how to fish: Fostering fluency and independence. TESOL Greece Newsletter 38, 23-26.
Articles on the same topic
Nunn, R. (2006). The Pragmatics of cooperation and relevance for teaching and learning. The Linguistics Journal 1(1), 5-16.
Thanasoulas, D. (2005). Fictitious discourse in language teaching. Applied Semiotics 15, 24-30.
If you know of any related publications or discussions freely available online, please contact me.